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  U.S. Soccer Assessment of Physical Fitness: Body Composition
 

Body composition was estimated from skinfold thicknesses. While few players have much excess fat, the measures were done to give each player a weight range to stay within. This range was between 6% and 9% of body weight as fat. A double layer of skin and fat are picked up and the thickness measured with a skinfold caliper. Height and weight should be recorded. The method of Jackson and Pollack was followed.

Sites:

Subscapular: at the inferior angle of the scapula. Fold may be on an angle depending on skin tightness.
Triceps: midway between the acromian and the olecrenon processes on the dorsum of the arm. Be exact; being off by as little as 1" can change the caliper reading by up to 50%.
Pectoral: midway between the nipple and the acromian process. Skinfold is parallel to the pectoral muscle. Find the site, then have the player hold their arm parallel to the floor to contract the pectoralis major. This keeps you from picking up some of the relaxed pectoral muscle that would inflate the reading.
Midaxillary: at the level of the xiphoid process, in the midaxillary line. This fold may also be on an angle depending on the tightness of the skin.
Suprailiac: midaxillary line, just above thi iliac crest. The angle of the fold should parallel the fibers of the external abdominal oblique.
Umbilical: a vertical fold adjacent to the navel. The caliper tip should not be in the navel.
Thigh: midway between the superior pole of the patella and the ASIS on the anterior of the thigh. You may have to pinch quite hard and read fast if the player's skin is tight

Suggestions:

  1. Measure under the hand holding the skinfold.
  2. If you do not have a lot of experience, take 3 measures (top to bottom, repeat, repeat, don't take 3 at one site before going on to the next site). Then average the closest 2 for the final value.
  3. The technique is sneaky in its difficulty. Make sure you do not pick up muscle, so if you are unsure, have them contract the muscle to see if tissue is pulled out from under your fingers.
  4. Be ruthless, they will always complain that you are picking up too much, but you must push your fingers into the skin down to the dense muscle tissue before picking up the skinfold. Practice, practice, practice.
  5. The computation is quite long and you may not want to figure it out on a routine basis. So, when you repeat the measurements, just add up the skinfolds and use the following:

If the weight is:

And the skinfold sum is:

Likely changes

Same

Same

No change in muscle or fat

Increased >

Same

Muscle > fat slight >

Decreased <

Same

Muscle < fat no change

Same

Increased >

Muscle little change, fat >

Increased >

Increased >

Muscle > and/or fat >

Decreased

Increased

Muscle < fat >

Same

Decreased

Muscle > fat <

Increased

Decreased

Muscle > fat <

Decreased

Decreased

Muscle slight < and/or fat <

If You are interested, here is the formula for determining body composition:
Body Density = 1.112-0.00043499 * sum of skinfolds + 0.00000055 * (sum of skinfolds)2 - 0.00028826 * age

%fat = 457/density - 414.2
fat mass = %fat * weight (% fat is as a decimal, so 9% fat is 0.09)
lean body mass = weight - fat mass

weight ranges:
wt at 6% = lean mass / 0.94
wt at 9% = lean/mass / 0.91

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