Background Information
Echinacea is a family of nine species of flowering plants indigenous to North America. Three of the nine plants - E purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida - are used in dietary supplements.

Echinacea is best known for stimulating the immune system. Primary uses of echinacea include: to prevent or lessen colds, coughs, flu and other upper respiratory conditions; decrease urinary tract infections; help combat herpes and candida; and external treatment for psoriasis, eczema, and inflammatory skin conditions.

 Effects on Health
Echinacea's beneficial effects are brought about by its ability to increase the nonspecific activity of the immune system. The herb stimulates the overall activity of the cell responsible for combating chronic infections. Echinacea makes the immune system more efficient in attacking bacteria, viruses, and abnormal cells.

There is no known toxicity; echinacea has been well tolerated by most people.

One study reported a case of echinacea-associated anaphylaxis.

 Effects on Performance
No direct effect on athletic performance noted in the literature.

 Recommendation
Echinacea is available commercially in many forms: dried root or herb, liquid extract, capsules and tablets, and creams and gels.

Dosage of echinacea is contingent on the potency of the specific sample or preparation used. Dosage on the product label should be followed.

Echinacea should be avoided by individuals who are HIV-positive or have auto-immune diseases like lupus, multiple sclerosis, or scleroderma.

Preparations of the fresh ground parts of E purpurea have been approved by the German Commission E as a supportive measure in the treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections as a general precautionary measure. Commission E recommends that use of echinacea (external or internal) should not exceed 8 successive weeks.